An Analytical Comparison of “I Hear America Singing” and “I, Too”

An Analytical Comparison of â€Å"I Hear America Singing† and â€Å"I, Too† Born ten years after the death of Walt Whitman, there was no possible way for Langston Hughes to ever meet or communication with Whitman, but that did not mean Hughes could not establish a connection to him, or at least his work. In 1925, Hughes wrote a poem titled â€Å"I, Too† was inspired by and directed in response to the poem â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, which was composed by Whitman much earlier. Whitman’s poem consisted of a variety of different American laborers who â€Å"sing† as they do their jobs.This well-known poem never specifically addresses the ethnicity of these singing laborers of the American population, but Hughes sets about to rectify that omission. Walt Whitman is sometimes considered a pioneer of free verse and non-esoteric subject matter with focus on the working-class using realistic imagery. Whitman’s poem â€Å"I Hear America Singi ng† demonstrates no end rhyme, but we hear a sense of melody in his repetitions and rhythm in the length of his lines that substitutes for the pattern we would expect to perceive in conventional poetry.Though beyond that we can tell that the tone of the poem is muscular, its beat vibrant, and its mood proud. Each tradesman in the poem performs his labor with the same pride and triumph that one might hear from a singer. There is no promotion of importance attached to the jobs performed or the performers who carry out those jobs. In the end of the poem he mentions the inclusion of female voice with â€Å"delicious singing† (10) along with â€Å"the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing† (10-11).With attention to include both sexes, Whitman seems to be taking in all aspects of America’s working class, but it has been drawn out many times that this poem does not specifically detail African-Americans as part of the cluster. It is this detail that Hughes believed should have been incorporated and led to his follow-up poem, â€Å"I, Too†. As Langston Hughes was going up, African-Americans were not accepted and were discriminated against; separated from using the same facilities and being in the same place as Caucasians, just to name a few.The division between whites and blacks was clearly prevalent and the United States of America was a racially discriminatory society reinforced by its racist laws. Hughes took the initiative to speak his mind via poetry, resulting in his piece â€Å"I, Too†. In this poem, Hughes clearly signifies one thing: Just because his skin color is different from whites, does not mean that they get to sing the National Anthem louder. Arguing that all American citizens are the same, disregarding their skin color, Hughes applies in this poem a master-slave relationship.The assumed white master shows disrespect to his servant by sending him away whenever visitors come over, because he is orde red to eat secluded from the company. However he seems to not be faze by this and actually finds it funny, supported by â€Å"But I laugh† (5). Furthermore, not only does he find amusement in this unpleasant situation, but the isolation has a positive effect on him â€Å"And grow strong† (7), implying that even though he submits to his master, his spirit will not be diminished.In every line of â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, the word â€Å"singing† appears to help emphasize and describe the melody of the working American citizens, yet there is no song in particular. Perhaps they are singing the National Anthem? America’s people doing American jobs all united by an unidentified melody that shrouds them all. It would seem a bit peculiar for Whitman to exclude African-Americans.The people in Whitman’s poem are common folk without individual names or true identities, but they are all idealized as each one finds joy in the dignity of his or her la boring task. The heart of Hughes’s poem demonstrates the strength of a black slave who stands up for what is right and says enough is enough. Though it is meant to be a response to â€Å"I Hear America Singing†, it feels as though â€Å"I, Too† misses the message of Whitman’s work and perhaps Hughes was only too troubled by segregation to understand.

Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient

Considering socio economic variable of a patient with diabetes, the priority of the patient should be to participate in healthcare insurance program provided by its employer. The benefit of contributing to such a health plan is cost reduction where patients only pay a deductible or a minimum co–payment. Acquiring such a policy also ensures that a person may also be able to cover family members at significantly less rates than individual private insurance.If the employer doesn’t participate in health insurance program, the only other viable method is to get a private health insurance. Although expansive, the patient will definitely have more choice in selecting the out of network providers and the flexibility of evaluating different plans that provide ample coverage to treat Diabetes. Patients with Diabetes need to keep medical supplies such as test strips, meters and insulin which are mostly covered by the health insurance providers (Health Insurance).Unfortunately, in countries like United States getting a health insurance for diabetic patients is difficult but this should not stop patients from researching other options such as Insurance through employers and getting help from the State. Most States run their own health insurance programs for which a diabetic patient might be eligible. Programs such as COBRA and HIPAA are available in every State. It will be in the best interest of a diabetic patient to consult the American Diabetes Association http://www. diabetes. org which outlines health insurance coverage on a State by State basis.Furthermore, patients can easily get guidelines and education on how to tackle diabetic issues and where to look for information. Payer Type Based on the socio economic conditions of hypothetical patient, it will be in his best interest to enrol in HMO plan. Analysing financial circumstances of the subject, it is evident that he will likely cover his wife and children, who at this stage are not able to enrol in a healthcare plan. In contrast, a PPO plan will likely cost a premium which is not recommended except if it provides assistance to cover diabetic conditions.It should be noticed that most Americans are covered by BlueCross BlueShield, Atena or CIGNA therefore it is important for diabetic patient to compare the coverage of diabetic supplies offered by these companies. Health plans that cover most strips and monitors should be preferred over others. Patients should also be careful while determining whether the diabetic equipment fall under normal prescription or covered under durable equipment supplies (Insurance Coverage). Other conditions such as mail order deliveries and the number of supplies at any one time play an important role in the eventual patient satisfaction with a plan.After evaluating different healthcare programs, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare, Tufts Associated Health Maintenance Organisation and Health New England may provide the best coverage. Cost & Treatment Comparison Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare program is specifically tailored to meet the requirements of Massachusetts residents. It offers a network of 40,000 pharmacies and access to more than 130 hospitals in the area. The co payment fee is $10 for a visit and $50 for emergency care. The program covers a wide range of drugs and medicines with mail order included.Individuals can include family members for an extra charge. The program offers a diabetes management program with test reminder letters and individual support from a Nurse educator by calling a toll free number (Diabetes Management). For a single person in a family, the cost varies from $350 to $470 based on the socio-economic factors of hypothetical patient. The Tufts Associated Healthcare Maintenance Organisation provides a variety of different HMO plans that are designed to be cost effective.Its Select Network Provider program offers a minimum deductible and covers most outpatient medical care (Health New England). Doctor visits and ot her routine checkups offer affordable co-payment plans. It also offers a Taking Charge Diabetes program for its members that support the doctor-patient partnership to control diabetes and educate on such issues. Cost for individuals starts as low as $324 and climbs up to $450 for HMO select plans. Health New England is also a good choice with plenty of great options.Individuals can enrol in a number of Bronze or Silver health insurance packages which covers a huge number of Drugs and area hospitals (Tufts Health). The benefits are somewhat similar to other two programs whereas its Neighbourhood Health Plan provides a great value for money by charging as low as $265 per month in Bronze Package and $369 in Silver Package. It offers a comprehensive Diabetes Management Program that includes educational material, reminders, and physical as well as virtual grocery store tours to select the perfect sugar free diet. References Diabetes Management. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Harvard Pilgrim HealthCare Web site: https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/portal/page?_pageid=213,213304&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Health Insurance Information for People with Diabetes. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from American Diabetes Association Web site: http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy-and-legalresources/healthcare/insurance.jsp Health New England Plans. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Health NE Web site: http://www.healthnewengland.com/PlanSelector/Compare/compare.html Insurance Coverage Overview. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from Diabetes Control for Life Web site: http://diabetescontrolforlife.com/articles/Monitoring-Insurance-Coverage-Overview-200085 Tufts Health Plan is the Right Choice. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Tufts Health Plan Web site: http://www.tuftshealthplan.com/enrollnow/pdfs/STANDARDCOMP_0408.pdf   

Impact of Passions in Life

Three passions, simple but vigorous, have made an impact in my life: love for soccer, affection for money, and craving love. These passions have carved the path I have walked and will continue for my life's Journey. For one thing, I have always had a passion for soccer; first, because It brings Inspiration- inspiration is a great feeling that I would take chances for the rest of my life, for many hours of this revelation. I find that soccer seems to follow me, even In my dreams.I always see myself In the biggest soccer stadium In the world and just breathing and playing soccer. â€Å"Goal: The Dream Begins† Is a soccer movie that has made the biggest Impact In my soccer career mainly because the movie was so Inspiring to watch. This movie seemed Like a reality because the mall character In the movie had such motivation and desire for the game of soccer. Nowadays, soccer Is making a bigger Impact In my elite, and the reason Is seeing all the professional soccer athletes trainin g hard In practice and working hard In games. Soccer will always be my passion, and this inspiration for this sport will help me continue in my life's journey. In addition to being inspired in soccer, I feel as if the affection for money helps me stay on track on my life's journey. My passion for money makes me think more positively and makes me strive to get more. For me, buying certain things such as clothes, food and health products always make me have a positive mindset because I realize that hard work pays off. I feel without hard work towards money I could never have a positive mindset and fantasize about doing good things with my earnings.I know this passion to get money helps release energy, and it doesn't make me too stressed, but instead it makes me dream and helps me talk about what to do next with my money. I feel having that affection for money helps me appreciate things and makes a positive determination on my life's Journey. Craving love has always been attainable, fo r it can bring positive relations with people and the world. Loving someone or something is a great feeling, and having that genuine passion for love can create positive things.I believe in karma, and doing meeting with good intention for a person or thing will come back and help you out. I feel if I love then later in the future karma will come around and bring a definite smile on my face. Love can have a strong connection towards people, and I feel If I can love then that connection will guide me to a safe place and enlighten my Journey. So far, this has been my life's Journey. I have found It worth living for these three passions, and I would do It all again If the chance were awarded to me because these emotions so far brought a pleasure In my life.For one thing, I have always had a passion for soccer; first, because it brings inspiration- inspiration is a great feeling that I would take chances for the rest of my life, for many hours of this revelation. I find that soccer seems to follow me, even in my dreams. I always see myself in the biggest soccer stadium in the world and Just breathing and playing soccer. â€Å"Goal: The Dream Begins† is a soccer movie that has made the biggest impact in my soccer career mainly because the movie was so inspiring to watch.This movie seemed like a reality because the main character in s making a bigger impact in my life, and the reason is seeing all the professional soccer athletes training hard in practice and working hard in games. Soccer will life's Journey. Stay on track on my life's Journey. My passion for money makes me think more smile on my face. Love can have a strong connection towards people, and I feel if I So far, this has been my life's Journey. I have found it worth living for these three passions, and I would do it all again if the chance were awarded to me because these emotions so far brought a pleasure in my life.

Consumer socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer socialization - Essay Example For children, a "gift" is anything they get beyond the basics of food, shelter and tools necessary to perform their studies. They soon recognize specific occasions for receiving gifts, such as their birthday and holidays like Christmas, Easter, and Hanukkah, among others, but continue to seek and receive gifts for other reasons such as good behavior or success in school. Often a gift for good grades is given at the end of the school term. This is all considered "dependent" consumption, as children do not yet have access to their own money to make purchases. Bjurstrom also refers to it as the "gift economy". It is not exclusive to children, of course. Adults use gifts for many reasons, primarily relationship-building and maintenance throughout their lives. (Bjurstrom, 2003.) "Independent" consumption, defined as supporting oneself from one's own income, is a large factor in the transition from childhood to adulthood today. Gender socialization does have an influence on the transition from dependent to independent consumption, while this is diminishing in many countries. Many women, even in developed countries, never fully evolve in their consumer socialization beyond the "gift economy." Their ideal husband is strong and loving, and buys what is needed and wanted without asking questions. The sooner young people of both genders are taught and encouraged to integrate dependent and independent consumption, the more effective consumers they will be. Young people should learn to use money from their allowances, and earnings from household chores, to buy birthday gifts for friends and family members as soon as possible, even if the gifts are small in size and value. This will help them learn to select and purchase, use money wisely, and understand the emotional and relationship impacts of receiving and giving gifts. While the age of young people who are able to practice fully independent consumption is getting later and later in the developed nations, due to the prolonged time they spend in post-secondary education, they are beginning to practice some forms of independent consumption at earlier ages in the 21st century than in the 20th. This is due to factors such as family income, as in many families around the world, both parents now work outside the home and earn income. (Bjurstrom, 2003.) Family income is a critically important factor in a study of consumer socialization in south Asia, based on surveys analyzed by M.F. Sabri, J. Masud, and L. Paim, of the University Putra Malaysia. The survey respondents were college students. The replies were given by 68% female respondents and 32% male. They lived in both rural and urban areas, and came from families with an average of 5 children. Most often they were middle children, rather than the oldest or youngest. This research also demonstrates the consumer socialization influences on these young respondents, aged 17 to 21. These young people were able to be relatively independent consumers due to their family income. Their parents could afford to send them to university and provide them with a generous allowance to use for living expenses. Most of the students lived away from

Plan for Low-Cost Automated Inventory System Assignment

Plan for Low-Cost Automated Inventory System - Assignment Example It includes 3 more sub systems. Manually, it is very difficult to keep such information accurate and updated in the stock registers and the business financially may become in loss when incorrect information of their item has been entered in these registers. So, it is very necessary to make their inventory and accounting system computerized. For that purpose you create a database for your small business â€Å"Cloth-Shop†, which provide you such environment from which you can handle the process of inventory and accounting at the same time by investing nominal cost on it. Ms-Access, a database system is basically just a computerized record keeping system used to create such programs where transactions are needed because it keeps the data in the form of tables on which a user can perform variety of operations easily and quickly. Such as: Create 3 tables, one for customer information, second for item information, and third for stock availability. Required fields for Table # 1 are Customer-id, Customer-name, Item-no, Date-Purchase, Item-Price, etc. For Table # 2 are Item-no, Size, color, Quantity, date-received, company-no. etc. For Table # 3 are Item- no., Item-sold, Item available

English 3 literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English 3 literature - Essay Example This proverb has a close resemblance to Franklin’s proverb; a penny saved is a penny earned. The proverb means that if persons refrain from spending the little things they have, their small savings may add up to big things in the future. The proverb is applicable in numerous business situations whereby it emphasizes on the need to save little proceeds to amass a massive capital. Both of these proverbs are emphasizing on the need to save. They discourage unplanned expenditure for little possessions that a person may have, placing in focus the future goals. Expenditure without savings can lead to bankruptcy and eventually poverty. Nevertheless, if a person denies himself or herself a chance to spend today on unnecessary things, he or she may have greater benefits in the future. The proverbs reinforce the understanding that an investment starts with saving. A wise entrepreneur saves the little he or she possesses until there is a substantial capital to start a big

Predictive Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Predictive Policing - Essay Example By making use of information technology through implementation of COMPSTAT, police departments are able to cut costs in their daily operations. In the past, police officers often used to make random patrols which would cost more to the departments since they had no prior knowledge of possible crime zones. Information technology has, therefore, made it possible to cut down costs by mapping out crime zones where police officers would make their patrols from (McDonald, 2002). It has been reported by police departments such as the New York City Police Department that information technology such as COMPSTAT has significantly improved performance of the organization through accountability at different departments in the organization. Each department is assigned with particular task and with the help of information technology; weak links or poor performance can easily be detected within the organization. Quick identification of crime coupled with prompt and creative solutions has enabled many police departments to perform better in recent years. Information technology has enable police officer to respond swiftly to crime through monitoring and evaluation of crime statistics of a given neighborhood or region. Creative solutions such as early detection or preventive measure have significantly improved their performance. Despite these numerous gains brought by the use of information technology, there are other setbacks that come along with it. Random patrols for instance, would be effective in situations where new crime zones develop. The use COMPSTAT places emphasis on known crime zones, leaving out other parts unpatrolled. In such an event, COMPSTAT would perform very poorly in determining patrol routes. Unless new data is introduced into the system, patrols by police based on COMPSTAT would be definite hence predictable. This means that criminals can easily predict patrol routes of police officers due to the predetermined route of patrol. In such

Methanol to acetic acid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methanol to acetic acid - Assignment Example These routes include methyl formate isomerization, methanol carbonylation, synthesis gas to acetic acid, vapor phase oxidization to acetic acid and other novel technologies (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The carbonylation of methanol in the production of acetic acid is capable of catalyzing at high rates with minimal water concentrations while using iridium or iodide based reactor. The onset of methanol carbonylation to acetic acid began in 1960 and was commercialized by the BASF. In this introductory approach, the production o acetic acid employed the use of cobalt catalyst that was in operational synergy with the iodide as a co-catalyst. This process was conducted at high pressures of about 680 bars as well as high temperatures of 250 degrees Celsius. The Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF) selectivity procedure to acetic acid production accounts for about 90% on the basis of methanol. In the mid 1960s, Monsanto developed a novel approach in methanol carbonylation using rhodium as the major catalyst again aided with iodide as a co-catalyst. This acetic acid production mechanism was highly selective accounting for approximately 99% based upon methanol (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The use of rhodium in methanol carbonylation was novel because it allowed acetic acid production under mild chemical environments. ... Exclusive licensing and patent rights to Monsanto was acquired by BP Chemicals, the UK based group in 1986. Ten years upon this acquisition, BP Chemicals announced an innovative process in methanol carbonylation. This process was named Cativaâ„ ¢, on the basis of an upgraded iridium/iodide catalyst. The methanol carbonylation process as described by Cativa offers greater improvements compared to the conventional rhodium based catalyst technology. These advancements include high rates of reaction, improved yield of carbon monoxide, and improved stability of the catalyst enabling the process to be taken under low concentrations of water. Additionally, the Cativa process offers a reduction of the liquid by-products. This full implementation of the Cativa process commercialization was in November 1995 (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.295). The effectiveness of using iridium in tandem with iodide as a co-catalyst for methanol carbonylation at minimal pressure was initially demonstrate d by Roth and Paulik while working at Monsanto. This was during the time of their discovery of the rhodium/iodide catalyst methanol carbonylation process. The reactivity and mechanism of iridium based catalysis in acetic acid production can be conducted in either a nonionic acid or methyl acetate. These studies have elucidated that the iridium catalyzed reaction is more complex compared to rhodium catalysis process (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.296). There exists two catalytic cycles in the iridium catalyzed methanol carbonylation process in the manufacture of acetic acid. One reaction involves the neutral catalytic intermediaries while the other involves predominant negatively charged species. In his study, Forster was unable to distinguish the reaction rates from the ones

Discuss your professional objectives, both long & short term, and Essay

Discuss your professional objectives, both long & short term, and indicate how your past experinces have contributed to the definitions of those objectives. why - Essay Example I also took a trading course in Kuwait Stock exchange as I am now trading in the Stock Market as a hobby. Five years working is a live stock market is not an easy job. Faith also led me to becoming a Senior Accountant in Livestock Transport and trading Co. When I left the company and started working in Tandeem Investment Company, where I am still currently connected, I had the privilege of becoming the Senior Settlement Officer. My exposure in the field helped me achieve my goals and objectives. I also believe that these experiences contributed to my objectives and molded me well and taught me well throughout the course of my career. One day, through hard work, dedication and perseverance and with my qualifications I would want to render my services and become a Manager or a Director of the company. I want to share my talent, efficiency and skills in a more critical and challenging role. I would also want to mature professionally and personally to become more independent for me to be an effective leader. These are my long-term career objectives. Furthermore, as a Manager, I want to moti vate and lead people also to become better persons and future leaders. My short-term objective is to continue my studies in MBA. Professionals like me would always seek for self-advancement. I am the type of person that doesn’t want to be stagnated in one area and I want explore more avenues for learning. Learning is an unending cycle. I am confident that this is the opportunity that will allow me to achieve all my dreams and ambitions. Achieving all of these is not just success for me. It would be a fulfillment and a blessing at the same time. Villarico, Rhia. â€Å"Discuss your professional Objectives† Online Posting. 26 March 2006. Academia-Research-Freelance Writing-Current Order Review. 26 March 2006.

The Right To Education As A Human Right Education Essay Example for Free

The Right To Education As A Human Right Education Essay The right to education is identified as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to free for all also compulsory primary education for all children. An obligation to the secondary education accessible to all children as well as access to higher education. The right to education is one of the most fundamental right but also human right. The right to education to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality of education. The education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The human rights shall promoting understanding and friendship among all nations, religious or racial groups and shall further the activities of the united nations for the maintenance of peace. This right to education is most fundamental as a human right. Education promotes a man, as individual freedom, and it shown way of life, change the thinking, and it makes smart. 2. What is right to education? Education is the most important thing in man life, it makes sense, it effect on mind, it change the character. The right to education is a inherent right. Right to education is the right which deals with the right to know and right to change their life and life style. The various types of right to education are primary education, secondary education, vocational education and higher education. Every child has the right to education of primary education. â€Å"Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Education shall be free for development of human personality. The human rights are developing of understanding, gender quality and make a friendship among all nations. 3. Education and the 4 A’s: The education should be meaningful right and it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. Every person shall be able to get the benefit from educational knowledge which is desire to get their basic learning knowledge. 3. 1 Availability: Education should be available for all and without cost, minimum the primary education and fundamental level. The government should be able to make it available for the citizen. The governments have to make sure availability of school. â€Å" States parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall in particular; make primary education compulsory and available free to all†. The primary education and higher and also basic education should be available for all. Article 13. 2(a) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights says, Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all. The basic education should be available. 3. 2 Accessibility: All of the educational institute should be accessible for everybody. Nobody can be discriminate on the basis of race, sex, color, religious, economic status, language and immigration status or disability. The school should be safe for all, the school should be reasonable distance from the community. Education should be affordable to all and text book. Higher education should be accessible for all and also equitable for all. â€Å"Persons with disabilities can access an inclusive, quality and free primary education and secondary education on an equal basis with others in the communities in which they live† Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/education/the-right-to-education-as-a-human-right-education-essay. php#ixzz36Egth2rh.

The God Of Small Things

The God Of Small Things Intertextuality signifies the inter connectedness of one text with other texts and it reveals the presence of one text within the other and highlights the fact that no text can have an independent meaning. Every text takes something from the previous texts, and lends something to the future texts. Every text takes something from the previous texts, and lends something to the future texts. Intertextuality is the shaping of texts meanings by other texts. It can refer to an authors borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a readers referencing of one text in reading another. (Wikipedia). The term intertextuality was coined by the poststructuralist theorist Julia Kristeva in her article Word Dialogue which was published in 1966. Intertextuality generally signifies that the literary works are not a closed network and are not autonomous in nature. Today, intertextuality is used frequently and it has become a part of our notion as one watching film or TV, reading novel , or experiencing art. Graham Allen describes the concept of intertextuality as one of the central ideas as he argues: Texts, whether they are literary or non-literary, as viewed by modern theorists, as lacking in any kind of independent meaning. They are what theorists now call intertextual. The act of reading plunges us into a network of textual relations. To interpret a text, to discover its meaning, or meanings, is to trace those relation [. . .] Meaning becomes something which exists between a text and all other texts to which it refers and relates (Allen, Graham., Intertextuality: New Critical Idio m Series. Rutledge Publications, London, 2000, p.1) The theory of intertextuality is developed by poststructuralist and postmodern theorists, has become an effective appropriation strategy for postcolonial writers. Postcolonialism is chiefly characterized by questioning and subverting the authority. Pramod K. Nayyar defines postcolonial literature as: Postcolonial literatures seek to address the ways in which non-European (Asian, African, South American, but also settler colony) literatures and cultures have been marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find, if possible, modes of resistance, retrieval and reversal of their own pre- colonial pasts. (Nayyar K, Pramod., Postcolonial Literature: An Introduction., 2008, Dorling Kindersley publications, Delhi). The sense of interconnectedness between different cultures is particularly significant in the postcolonial context, a context which arises due to the meeting of cultures. Arundhati Roy uses global referenced intertextuality to such a great extent in her novel. Intertextuality as a device in literary texts can be deployed at different levels. Roy makes intertextuality a conscious motif and device. The remark made on the twins in the context of the Kathakali performance: Trapped in the bog of a story that was and wasnt theirs. That had set out with the semblance of structure and order, then bolted like a frightened horse into anarchy (Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. New Delhi: India Ink, 1997, p.236). Similarly, a rewriting of texts is suggested in the description of the twins as Hansel and Gretel in a ghastly fairy tale in which their dreams would be captured and re-dreamed (Roy, p.293). Roy makes extended references to texts as different as the popular film The Sound of Music (Roy, p.105-11), Heart of Darkness (Roy, p.125-26,199-200,305-06), Chemmeen (Roy, p.218-20), the Kathakali man and his Great texts like Kama Shabadam (Roy, p.218-20) and Duryodhana Vadham (Roy, p.229, 234). Many passing allusions are made to texts as disparate as popular soap operas like WWFs Hulk Hogan and Mr.Perfect (Roy, p.28), Shakespea res The Tempest, The Jungle Book, The Adventures of Susie Squirrel (Roy, p.58-59), Sinbad the Sailor (Roy, p.80), Julius Caesar (Roy, p.82-83), Ulysses and Penelope (Roy, p.157), the fairy tales about the Three Bears (180) or the Ugly Toad who turns into a handsome prince, Rumplestiltskin (Roy, p.182), Hansel and Gretel, and even literary texts like The Tale of Two Cities (Roy, p.61), The Scarlet Pimpernel (Roy, p.182) and so on (Roy, p.187), a recipe for making jam (Roy, p.195), and the boatsongs of Kerala (Roy, p.196-97). The contexts in which these texts are used are, in general, negative or pessimistic. Roy in her novel especially in the first few chapters used intertext to create an atmosphere of 1960s. She concentrated on fashion and culture to create that atmosphere. But the skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins was still parked outside.. (Roy, p.2). The reader will eventually realizes that the attributes from the 1950s belong to Kerala and its inhabitants and that many of the attributes from the 1960s the arrival of Sophie Mol with her mother Margaret. And then they were there, the Foreign Returnees, in washnwear suits and rainbow sunglassesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Maxis and high heels. Puff sleeves and lipstick. Mixy grinders and automatic flashes for their cameras(Roy,140). Chackos exwife Margaret and daughter Sophie Mol arrival to Kerala is a turning point to the novel. Ammu, Chacko, Estha, Rahel and Baby Kochamma get into the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.2) to pick them up at the airport. The Plymouth car has many symbolic values. The Plymouth used to belong to Pappachi, Rahel and Esthas grandfather. Now that he was dead, it belonged to Mammachi, their grandmother (Roy,35). The grandfather was a man who lived according to the British colonisers rules. He was also a patriarch and harassed his family. However, Chacko has taken Pappachis role of being the man in the house. The fact that the car is now driven by Chacko, who is a self proclaimed Marxist, which symbolises the new Marxist rulers of Kerala. The car is thus a symbol of entrapment and also it symbolises the delay in modernity in Kerala. This delay in modernity is emphasised at the airport when the family waits for their guests from London. Estha, Rahel and Ammu are being resistant and suspicious of their guests. This is emphasised by the smell of London and the prosperity brought with the newcomers: Then, there, among the washnwear suits and shiny suitcases, Sophie Molà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦She walked down the runway, the smell of London in her hair. Yellow bottoms of bells flapped backwards around her ankles. Long hair floated out from under her straw hatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(Roy, p.141). Sophie is a symbol of freedom and therefore a threat to old Keralan values. She represents a breath of fresh air with flapping trouser legs and floating hair. Uncle Chackos daughter is only a young girl and still a threat to Esthas and Rahels world. Estha was wearing his beige and pointy shoes and his Elvis puff. His Special Outing Puff. His favourite Elvis song was  ´Party ´.  ´Some people like to rock, some people like to roll,  ´he would croon, when nobody was watching, strumming a badminton racquet, curling his li p like Elvis.  ´But moonin ´an ´a- groonin ´gonna satisfy mah soul, less have a pardyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.37). In order to make a good impression on Margaret and Sophie, Baby Kochamma is showing off, pretending she is not as behind the time as the rest of the family:  ´Elvis Presley, ´ Baby Kochamma said for revenge. ´ Im afraid were a little behind the times here. ´ Every one looked at Estha and laughed (Roy, p.145). However, the childrens attraction to Sophie Mol and the modern world is there: And the three of them, led by Sophie Mol, sashayed across the airport car park, swaying like fashion models, Eagle flasks and Made-in-England go-go bags bumping around their hips (Roy, p.152). Further on, in the tragic story, Sophie Mol drowns and at her funeral she is still surrounded by her London-ness: She lay in it (the coffin) in her yellow Crimplene bellbottoms with her hair in a ribbon and her Made-in-England go-go bag that she loved (Roy, p.4). Now her hair is in a ribbon. Modernity and change will perhaps never survive in Kerala. Estha and Rahels fear of losing their place in the family is partly explained by the The Sound of Music intertext. Before picking up Margaret and Sophie at the airport in Cochin, the Ayemenem family went to see The Sound of Music. However Chacko and Ammu had different views on the film: Chacko said that going to see The Sound of Music was an extended exercise in Anglophilia, while, Ammu said,  ´Oh come on, the whole world goes to see The Sound of Music. Its a World Hit( Roy, p.55). Rahel and Estha were on their way to Cochin to see The Sound of Music for the third time. They knew all the songs and to know all the songs is also imp ortant to the reader. this time the film would mean something special to the children. Estha and Rahel are scared of loosing their uncle to Sophie Mol and Margaret. They feel as if they are not good enough. In comparison with the children in The Sound of Music, no child would be good enough: Captain von Trapps seven peppermint children had had their peppermint baths, and were standing in a peppermint line with their hair slicked down, singing in obedient peppermint voicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.110). Estha is definitely not peppermint clean and he has been molested by the Orangedrink Lemondrink man. Shocked by this experience, Estha wonders if ever a Captain von Trapp, an uncle Chacko or a father could love him and Rahel. Estha imagined that Captain von Trapp had some questions of his own. (a) Are they clean white children? No. (But Sophie Mol i s.) (b) Do they blow spit bubbles? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt.) (c) Do they shiver their legs? Like clerks? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt) (d) Have they, either or both, ever held strangers soo-soos? Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Nyes (But Sophie Mol hasnt.) (Roy, p.106). Apart from Esthas comparison between him and the peppermint children in the film, there are also several images connected to Baby Kochamma. Baby Kochamma was in her youth very much in love with a Father Mulligan, working in Ayemenem. She decided, at a young age, to become a nun, while waiting for her love for him to be returned. However, the love was never returned and Baby became disillusioned. In The Sound of Music Julie Andrews or Maria is also a nun. The life in the convent does, however, not fit Marias personality and neither did it fit Baby Kochammas. They both escaped the convent life. Still, Baby Kochamma liked the early nun bits best in the film. Ammu explained to Estha and Rahel that people always loved best what they identified most with (Roy, p.98). Although Baby Kochamma escaped the convent life, she somehow still identified with the nuns. She is jealous of other peoples love and happiness, and especially Ammus: They [the nuns] had complaints to make to their Reverend Mother. Sweetsinging complaints. About Julie Andrews, who was still up in the hills, singing The Hills Are Alive with the Sound of Music and was, once again, late for mass: She climbs a tree and scrapes her knee, Her dress has got a tear. She waltzes on her way to Mass And whistles on the stairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And underneath her wimple She has curlers in her hair! (Roy, p.99-100) These lyrics will lead the reader back to Baby Kochammas feelings about Ammu and Ammu, a divorced woman, who should feel shame and guilt over her failures, does the contrary and is in love. She subscribed wholeheartedly to the commonly held view that a married daughter had no position in her parents home. As for a divorced daughter according to Baby Kochamma, she had no position anywhere at all. And for a divorced daughter from a love marriage, well, words could not describe Baby Kochammas outrage. (Roy, p.45). Thus, within the interpretation of The Sound of Music the reader also has to know the intertext Let it Be by The Beatles in order to link Baby Kochamma to the nuns, Julie Andrews to Ammu and jealousy to love. Ammu is in love with the untouchable man Velutha. She has known him all her life and although he is untouchable, Ammus family has treated him with a certain amount of respect. However, this does not mean that they would accept a relationship between her and Velutha. Therefore, on some days , Ammu cannot help feeling happy, although sad about the fact that he is untouchable for her. She sometimes wakes up to the sound of music, just as anyone being in love does. Still, Ammu knows that the laws say Let it Be. However, as the reader delves further into the plot, Ammu is touched by the untouchable Velutha. Thus, the line I wake up to the sound of music, Mother Mary comes to me refers to their nightly meetings. Mother Mary is Baby Kochamma, speaking for the rules given by Christianity and Caste systems and yet, Mother Mary is also love, in the shape of Velutha. Through this maze of imageries the reader can understand how Baby Kochamma hates Ammu. The novel eventually develops into several tragedies where one of them is the horrifying ending of Ammus and Veluthas relationship and Veluthas death. There are many coinciding circumstances, although it is Baby Kochammas jealousy and personal disappointments that will have the most devastating consequences. In the film, Rolf is the oldest peppermint daughters boyfriend. He is a trustedperson, as if he belonged to the family. He becomes, however, a Nazi and betrays the family von Trapp. Sadly, a parallel between him and Baby Kochamma can be found. Baby Kochamma also becomes a betrayer, although she is one in the family (Roy, p.313-320). She turns from a nun into a betrayer. This imagery, it is also linking Baby Kochammas betrayal with a negative view on Christianity. There are again a multitude of messages cooperating on different levels in the intertext The Sound of Music. Uncle Chacko, the self proclaimed Marxist, who in a way is a betrayer as well. From being almost as a father to Estha and Rahel, he turns his back on them when Margaret and Sophie arrive. Uncle Chacko is thus a symbol of Marxist ideas and the Marxist government ruling Kerala at that time, a government picking the best apples from the basket of Marxism, just as Chacko does. The Love in Tokyo intertext was a successful Bollywood film released in 1966. The film plot involves forbidden love affairs just as in The God of Small Things. However, the most important symbol from this intertext is the two beads on a rubber band holding Rahels hair together: Most of Rahels hair sat on top of her head like a fountain. It was held together by a Love-in-Tokyo two beads on a rubber band, nothing to do with Love or Tokyo. In Kerala Love-in-Tokyos have withstood the test of time, and even today if you were to ask for one at any respectable A-1 ladies store, thats what youd get. (Roy, p.37) Rahel and Estha are twins. I get the impression from Roy that twins form a unit, and that when they are separated, they are just halves. They are Two beads on a rubber band (Roy, p.37). One of the many tragedies in this story involves Estha being sent away to live with his father, while Rahel stays in Ayemenem. The children do not understand the causes of all the tragedies and as children often do, they blame themselves. When they meet in Ayemenem again, they have not seen each other for twenty years. They have therefore not bean able to deal with their complexes of guilt and separation. As Rahel saw her brother in the bathroom, she thought of him: He was a naked stranger met in a chance encounter. He was the one that she had known before life began. The one who had once led her (swimming) through their lovely mothers cunt (Roy, p.93). Now, imagine the two beads, Rahel and Estha, being pulled apart as much as it is possible. As the rubber band is at its breaking-point and the puller has to let go, the beads will slip out of hands and by the force of the pulling, crash into each other: They were strangers who had met in a chance encounter. They had known each other before Life began. There is very little that anyone could say to clarify what happened next. Nothing that (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) would separate Sex from Love. Or Needs from Feelings (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Only that there were tears. Only that Quietness and Emptiness fitted together like stacked spoons (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Only that what they shared that night was not happiness, but hideous grief. (Roy, p.327-328) Roy uses intertextuality to a great extent in order to give the story a deeper meaning than what it encompasses on a surface level. However, since a deeper meaning can be found in most fictional work when analysing images and metaphors.

Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima Essay -- Rudolfo Anaya Bless Me Ultim

Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima, the author uses Tony’s dreams as a way of displaying various symbols. Three symbols that are used often are weather, water, and the Golden Carp. Weather is used to represent conflict. Water represents cleansing, and rejuvenation. The Golden Carp symbolizes religion and Tony’s beliefs. Because dreams are not an exact mirror of reality, they become the perfect tool for introducing symbolism. The author uses the dream as a way to access the recurring themes of the book. Weather affects the lives of everyone. When the weather turns foul, it makes life more difficult. Stormy weather in Tony’s dreams represents the conflict in his life, and the lives of those around him. One example of the weather in his dreams is the wind. In one of Tony’s dreams the wind is used to represent conflict that disrupts the peace that is a still lake. "There was a howling wind as the moon rose and it’s powers pulled at the still waters of the lake."(Anaya 120) The wind here is used to represent forces of disturbance caused by nuclear testing taking place south of the town, just as wind kicks up dust and blurs the view. Another element of storms is thunder and lightning. In Tony’s dream he sees, ".....a flash of lightning struck and out of the thunder a dark figure stepped forth. It was Ultima......I sought more answers, but she was gone, evaporated into a loud noise."(Anaya 71) Lightning can offer glimpses of illumination, but then darkness retu rns, and the noise of the thunder that follows deafens the ears. This represents the moments of good that can occur within the midst of conflict. Ultima’s appearance gives Tony a glimpse of where he needs to search for innocence, but he is still confused from this encounter. He continues to search for answers. Another significant weather occurrence is the appearance of mist. " The mist swirled around me. I was at the river, and I heard someone calling my name. I peered into the dark mist but I could see no one." (Anaya 61) Just as the mist leaves a person feeling isolated, the mist represents the war and how it left Tony separated from his brothers. Weather, in the form of wind, thunder and lightning, and mist, provides powerful symbolism for the conflicts in Tony’s life. Cleansing and rejuvenation are themes that are suggested by the author, and symbolized thro... ...eath he had seen he can’t really trust the gods because they continue to let people that are close to him die. Tony’s belief in the power of the carp is beginning to fade here because he can not understand why the carp, and God continue to let people die. Tony knows what the carp represents, so he blames the carp for these deaths. All of these quotes show how the Golden Carp represents the power, and the importance of Tony’s religion. The Golden Carp was the most important religious symbol in Bless Me Ultima. In Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima, the other uses Tony’s dreams to show the reader symbols of conflict, rejuvenation, and religion. The weather in this story is used to represent conflict. Weather is shown in Tony’s dreams to represent conflicts in his life. Water is used to represent cleanliness in rejuvenation. We all use water to clean ourselves, but in this book water is shown to clean the mind, body, and soul. The Golden Carp is shown to be a symbol of Tony’s religion. The carp is a symbol that Tony turns to for answers in his life. In all of Tony’s dreams the reader is able to gain a better understanding of Tony’s life through the use of symbols in Tony’s dreams.

Inetgrity:The Control of a Dream :: Economics Businesses Papers

Integrity:The Control of a Dream Last year I spoke to you on Patriotism, the Belief in a Dream. I tried to relate this subject to the commitment one feels to employees, suppliers, and customers from the day they first start their business until it is molded into success, and beyond. I termed Patriotism as a love for and devotion to the success of the business. During the journey of building and running a business there are numerous challenges that test the meddle of the many individuals involved. The foundation of this business must be built on a bedrock of integrity or these challenges will destroy it overnight. But what is integrity and how can you get it ? Webster’s dictionary defines the word as soundness of and adherence to moral principal and character going further to say that it is a state of being whole, entire, or undiminished, in perfect condition. It is not hereditary. It is more about breeding than birth. It is a â€Å"second nature† developed through education, experience, and choice. One needs to pay more attention to virtues like honesty, integrity, responsibility, respectfulness, and fairness to build the character that can help you navigate the ever changing world of business. Teddy Roosevelt reportedly said, â€Å"To educate a person in the mind but not morals is to educate a menace to society†. Rarely has this been more evident than in the past few years where we have seen the highly educated managers of once respected corporations such as Enron, Arthur Anderson, WorldCom and others wreck havoc on our economy. In the last decade we have shown great concern about the low moral code being proliferated by the media, the entertainment industry, fast rising businesses, and even our top elected officials. I do not see where much has been done to correct a glaring issue that tears at the very heart of American society. Building Character isn’t easy. It starts with attentiveness but it’s not just a matter of hanging posters or listing virtues. It requires serious and sustained effort to enhance the ethical consciousness, commitment, and competence of our workers and our families. Our domestic school system is thought to be taking the issue more seriously, but most are only giving it lip service. Cheating and disrespect flourish in classrooms and on sports fields; and young people are unintentionally nudged toward moral agnosticism, or a belief that there really is no right or wrong.

Innocent Children, Violent Gangs Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Innocent Children, Violent Gangs      Ã‚   18, 059 violent felonies, 690 deaths, and 13,000 hard-core killers. What is the horrible cause of these striking statistics? Gangs. Gangs are a problem in nearly every state and 83 percent of the largest cities in the United States. The problem of gangs and their negative impact on the communities they exist in continues to grow and nothing seems to be able to stop this powerful growth. Gangs not only exist in just inner cities anymore, but in towns and suburban communities as well. Gangs are affecting more and more children everyday, and this problem needs to be stopped.    No one knows exactly how many children and youth nationwide are gang members or join a gang in an average day, but the numbers are astonishing and increasing. What is it about gangs that is so appealing to children? Gangs offer identity which a child may not have felt he or she had before. Gangs also offer belonging, protection, money, sex, and status. The majority of the children who become involved in such groups as gangs usually don't have a sense family or belonging to anyone, are lonely, and are looking for friends. Some may think that gangs are actually a good thing in that they offer so many positive things to a child's life. That is where some go wrong, and make the biggest mistake of their lives.    Gangs are responsible for ten to twenty percent of the criminal activity in the United States, which estimates to an approximate thirty to sixty billion dollars of taxpayers' money a year. Gangs are often associated with the use of drugs, including heroine and marijuana. Gangs also are connected to the illegal use of many weapons and as a result, many bloody murders. So, it is... ...f Violence: A Study of Violence on the Street, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 30 NO. 1, February 1993, pg 88-112. Kotlowitz, Alex, There Are No Children Here, Anchor Books Doubleday, 1991. Krivo, Peterson, Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime, Social Forces, Vol. 75 No. 2 December 1996, pg. 619-645. Lo, Chun-Nui, A Social Model of Gang Related Violence, Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology, Vol 19 no. 1, May 1991, pg. 36-43. Sambar, Chuck. http://www.sambar.com/sambar/chuck/aregangs.htm Omega Boys Club. http://www.street-soldiers.org/omega/omega1.html Alanzo, Felipe and Zavala, Eric. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/%7Edliss/student_projects/final_project/felipe2/index.htm http://home.navisoft.com/requiredreading/Page6.html Cantrell, Mary Lynn. http://www.bluemarble.net/%7Enes/hot/htopicgang.html   

Cost Volume Profit Analysis

THE USE OF COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 1. 1Background of study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Research Questions 6. Research Hypothesis 7. Scope and Limitation of the study 8. Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† . 1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 2. Cost-Volume-Profit Limitations 3. Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the Cost-Volume-Profit Relation 4. Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis 5. Formular method of finding break point 6. The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis 7. Decision making function 8. Other tools for decision ma king and control CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 3. 1Sources of data 2. Primary sources of data 1. Personal/Oral interview 2.Questionnaire method 3. Secondary sources of data 4. Population and sample size determination 5. Method of data collection 6. Method of validating the instrument 7. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 4. 1Preliminary information 2. Data analysis 3. Testing and interpretation of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 5. 1Summary of findings 2. Conclusions . Recommendations Bibliography Questionnaire *** Read the following instructions carefully *** Our main website is www. careerslit. com and our official Phone n umbers are 08169533305, 08158646653, and 08126773402. Please take note of this website, our Phone numbers and email addresses. Print out these instructions if you will like to purchase Project materials from us. ********************************************** VIEW CHAPTER ONE BEFORE PAYMENT: If you are ready/willing to purchase this Project Materials from us (at the rate of N3000), you can view CHAPTER ONE free.We allow NEW VISITORS to view chapter one in order to prove to them that we are REAL and that the above material is AVAILABLE. ********************************************** HOW TO VIEW CHAPTER ONE FREE: To view CHAPTER ONE FREE, Send Your Project Topic, Email Address & Phone Number to our email ([email  protected] com) through your email. 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Can I pay for a materials that is not on this website? – Ans 4= No. DON’T PAY if your topic is not on this website. 5) Question 5.Can I change case study of my topic? – Ans 5= Yes. If the material on this website is â€Å"a case study of Enugu†, you can change to â€Å"a case study of Lagos State†. 6) Question 6. How will I know if you have sent the material to my email? – Ans 6= After sending the materials to your email, we will send SMS to your pho ne number provided ********************************** Love your neighbour as yourself. Let Love Lead. Say no to cultism, bloodshed, Violence, bombing or terrorism. We are all Nigerians, One Nation and brothers. Peace be unto you. ********************************** Cost Volume Profit Analysis THE USE OF COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 1. 1Background of study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Research Questions 6. Research Hypothesis 7. Scope and Limitation of the study 8. Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† . 1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 2. Cost-Volume-Profit Limitations 3. Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the Cost-Volume-Profit Relation 4. Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis 5. Formular method of finding break point 6. The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis 7. Decision making function 8. Other tools for decision ma king and control CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 3. 1Sources of data 2. Primary sources of data 1. Personal/Oral interview 2.Questionnaire method 3. Secondary sources of data 4. Population and sample size determination 5. Method of data collection 6. Method of validating the instrument 7. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 4. 1Preliminary information 2. Data analysis 3. Testing and interpretation of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 5. 1Summary of findings 2. Conclusions . Recommendations Bibliography Questionnaire *** Read the following instructions carefully *** Our main website is www. careerslit. com and our official Phone n umbers are 08169533305, 08158646653, and 08126773402. Please take note of this website, our Phone numbers and email addresses. Print out these instructions if you will like to purchase Project materials from us. ********************************************** VIEW CHAPTER ONE BEFORE PAYMENT: If you are ready/willing to purchase this Project Materials from us (at the rate of N3000), you can view CHAPTER ONE free.We allow NEW VISITORS to view chapter one in order to prove to them that we are REAL and that the above material is AVAILABLE. ********************************************** HOW TO VIEW CHAPTER ONE FREE: To view CHAPTER ONE FREE, Send Your Project Topic, Email Address & Phone Number to our email ([email  protected] com) through your email. After sending your Project Topic and Phone Number to our Email ([email  protected] com), check your Email immediately for link to FREE CHAPTER ONE. 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Kale in Kenya- Ag Issue 2012 Essay

Jonathan King Ag 101 September 16, 2012 Current Issues in Horticulture- Kale in Kenya I am going to go into the Horticultural field and one of the issues facing horticulture today is solving world hunger. Kenya is a nation that mostly lives in poverty, The United States and other countries are trying to help the Kenyan poverty problem by researching different food that can grow there along with trying to improve the food that they already have. A big crop in Kenya is kale because it costs so little to produce and the name sakuma wiki the Kenyan name for kale loosely translated means that it can sustain people throughout the week due to its extreme affordability, particularly for those who earn a dollar and below a day. The kale in Kenya is poor quality and it yields easily to diseases like black rot and leaf spot. Through a collaborative research project investigating the poor quality of kale seeds in parts of Kenya a team found that the best kale plants in Kenya originate from Kinale, a forested region north of Nairobi on the edge of the rift valley. The plants were then took to the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and propagated to obtain clean, disease-free seed. Five lines of kale were developed and two of them did very well once the seed was tested in different parts. The propagated seed flowered later thus making the crop produce longer and had a better color with a sweeter flavored leaf. By using Horticulture the problem of hunger in Kenya is being addressed by diversifying kale to improve food and nutrition and to improve the economy by making a better plant that people would want to buy and eat.

Latin America Transformed

This work focuses on four different areas for understanding the dynamics of Center America and the Caribbean. The first is the comparative evaluation of development policies in the region prior to neoliberalism. The second involves analytical work that combines the nature of the neoliberal model applied in the Caribbean and Central America. The third is the study of the role of migration and trading blocks in contemporary Caribbean and Central American development. The fourth considers the Cuban exception as a socialist state in a capitalist sea. The republics of Central America and the Caribbean share many historical characteristics. All of these countries formed part of the Spanish colonial system for three centuries or more. However, both regions have inherited highly unequal distributions of agricultural land (Gwynne & Kay 104). Although the countries spun out of the Spanish colonial orbit at different times and in different contexts, Spanish colonialism established important elements of coherence that helped lay the foundations for the challenges of nation-state construction after independence. Furthermore, Central America and the Caribbean have shared, since the late nineteenth century, the strong political, social, and economic influence of the United States and the development of agro-export economies. Either through the direct creation of classic enclave economies (mining, sugar, timber, bananas, and so on); the development of export infrastructures; or the less visible participation in the production and marketing of other products, such as coffee, cattle, or food, foreign -especially U.S., German, and English – entrepreneurs helped connect the region firmly to the North Atlantic economy. Beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, national elites struggled to channel and contain social and political movements in order to promote the kind of order and progress they and foreign investors depended upon and also to construct memories, histories, and images of nations that were functional to their political and economic projects and their dreams of national power and stability. At the same time, foreign political and economic control and their own internal weaknesses and contradictions led them to seek, at least rhetorically, national unity and independence and to make strategic concessions to popular classes in an attempt to form nationalist or populist alliances. This kind of opening both influenced the ways popular struggles came to be defined and created situations in which popular forces could effectively make their voices heard in the national political arena. CBI should be seen as a vanguard policy for a reconstituted US regional hegemony under neoliberalism (Gwynne & Kay 105). Caribbean governments in the context of their efforts at promoting economic and social development and with the external debt crisis hanging heavily over their heads had been stressing the need for a meaningful, coordinated program of emergency assistance in the form of aid and market and investment preferences. Indeed as early as 1979, Edward Seaga, then the opposition leader of Jamaica, proposed the need for a mini-Marshall Plan and a Puerto Rico-style relationship between the US and the Caribbean. CBI could therefore be regarded as a response to those appeals. The most salient studies in Cuban history written in the 1970s and 1980s focused on the transition from slave labor to free labor in Cuba's plantation economy and were led by the research of Manuel Moreno Fraginals into Cuba's plantation sector and Rebecca Scott's work on the abolition of slavery and its impact. Since then, studies have addressed issues of racial and ethnic formation and identity, immigration, and social banditry, as well as the women's and labor movements. Jorge Ibarra has begun a process of revision and reconsideration of the classic themes of Cuban historiography, including the island's social structure. Since the nineteenth century Cuba has essentially had a one-crop (sugar cane) exporting economy with the concomitant vulnerabilities of output and price fluctuations and deteriorating terms of trade (Gwynne & Kay 118). Cuba is now almost totally isolated and potentially a source of future conflict and violence. Cuba has ceased to be the totalitarian state it once was as the state itself was severely weakened by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Spurred on by the international climate favoring regional trading blocs, Middle American countries have recently formed the Association of Caribbean States, but beyond several regional summits have taken no firm steps towards region-wide economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 100). The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) encompasses 200 million (plus) inhabitants of the region and, along with free trade arrangements between CARICOM and Venezuela, Colombia, and the Southern Cone countries, represents the consolidation of a Caribbean strategy to participate as fully as possible in the movement toward hemispheric free trade. Ironically, the Caribbean is moving in the direction of the foreign conception of the region in that U.S., European, Japanese, and other external policy-makers have long dealt with the Caribbean programmatically as a seamless, if culturally diverse, unit. Regional academics and policy-makers, however, depart from this programmatic view in recognizing that certain aspects of sub-group uniqueness must still be maintained. For example, the existing Caribbean Community (CARICOM) integration area will for the foreseeable future co-exist with the ACS. For both the Caribbean and Central America, the version of import substitution adopted to a large extent involved US multinational corporations (MNCs) relocating production facilities within the region to serve customers there, rather than a dramatic expansion of domestically-owned industries (Gwynne & Kay 100). Both liberal, free-market rhetoric and collective bodies of capitalists (domestic holding companies and multinational corporations) spearheaded the drive to enter foreign areas. The ideology praised individualism and free market values, but the actual agencies of penetration were collectivized planning organizations. U.S. businessmen and politicians looked first to Central America for markets because that region had long been expected to become a closer economic partner. But U.S. officials conducted little study of the Central American economic situation and entered into no systematic consultation with Central American leaders because the U.S. vision expressed in the doctrines of Manifest Destiny and the Open Door was restricted to resolving U.S. domestic problems, not meeting Central American needs. The Americanism initiated in the 1880s, which was expected to create the market conditions necessary to assure U.S. commercial expansion, also exposed fundamental differences between the U.S. and Central American visions. While the United States proposed mainly commercial programs, the Central American delegates often struggled to include political, social, and cultural affairs. Among the alternatives available, it seems that the neoliberal model has begun to prevail. This model, which is well known and well supported from outside, substantively modifies the structure of Central American countries. Its hallmark is the absence of attention to social aspects. In the case of Central America, it eliminates what little economic equilibrium had existed before, producing a growing concentration of wealth in the hands of the few, and a progressive pauperization of the rest of the population. Consequently, it will crumble democracy throughout the region. Neoliberalism puts pressure on already highly-trade-dependent Middle America to export more (Gwynne & Kay 104). The progress or modernization pursued by the Latin American governments required increasing sums of money to import the machinery, railroads, luxuries, and technology that would be used to try to transform their nations into replicas of the European nations the elites and middle class so much admired. To earn that money, the Latin Americans increased their exports, the foods or minerals they traditionally had sold abroad. The export sector of their economies received the most attention. In that sector, they increasingly concentrated investments, technology, and labor, leaving the domestic economy weak and increasingly inadequate. The number of those exports was limited. The highly prized railroads, built at staggering expense, opened new lands for exploitation but always were linked to the export sector, rushing the material products of the interior to the coastal ports where ships waited to transport them to Europe and the United States. Most of the modernization concentrated in the export sector. It contributed to some impressive growth but did little to develop Central America. In fact, modernization contributed to deepening dependency. Central America and the Caribbean is a region of small, economically vulnerable and trade-dependent countries surrounded by larger and more industrialized countries that are moving more aggressively towards economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 99). From one perspective, global transformations create challenges and opportunities for policymakers who can adapt to changing environments and prudently recalculate basic questions of survival, viability, and effectiveness. There is reason to believe that this process is under way in Cuba, though the nature of these calculations and their long-term consequences are unknown. For example, Cuba must carefully calculate its interests in a context of rapidly changing balances and one in which its currency – defiance, moralism, anti-imperialism – has lost much of its value. Systemic reasons rooted in a command model and a series of blunders and poor decisions by government largely explain Cuba's economic predicament. It is increasingly recognized in Cuba itself that its substantial economic, financial, and trade dependence on the former communist world actually deprived it of the advantages that would have accrued to it had relations been expanded with more capitalist countries. Unfortunately, Middle America denotes a region anxious about, and reacting somewhat defensively to, hemispheric movements towards trade alliances to its north and south. Spurred on by the international climate favoring regional trading blocs, Middle American countries have recently formed the Association of Caribbean States, but beyond several regional summits have taken no firm steps towards region-wide economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 100). The revival of the integration movement has been encouraged by the perceived world wide trend to form trading blocks spearheaded by the European Community (EC). This development led to a perceived need in the United States, Canada, and some Latin American countries to form a hemispheric economic block in order to counterbalance the strengthened European integration movement. Once the NAFTA movement got underway, some LAC countries realized the need to participate in it to avoid the possible negative economic effects that NAFTA may have on their economies. The Central American Common Market (CACM) consists of five countries with a long history of linkages: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Gwynne & Kay 121). Together, the original CACM members experimented with the development strategy known as Import Substitution Industrialization, or (ISI). This strategy called for a change in the nature and structure of demand – away from imported consumer goods and toward imported industrial goods, which could then be used to produce domestically the same goods that would formally have been imported. During its initial stages, ISI was considered quite successful and was often credited with the economic â€Å"boom† that swept the region at the time of its inception. In reaction to neoliberalism, a growing number of people have tried to emigrate to North America and Europe, where about 5 million Caribbean islanders have gone since 1945 (Gwynne & Kay 120). For example, Salvadorans initially migrated to San Francisco, while Hondurans migrated to New Orleans. Migration has been such an integral part of the Eastern Caribbean culture that almost every Eastern Caribbean citizen has a relative or friend living in a major country. This factor is significant when analyzing both the political and economic system of the Eastern Caribbean. Since 1979 there has been significant changes in migration patterns and, notably, in the volume of people leaving Central America. Not surprisingly, Nicaragua and El Salvador, both of which suffered tremendous damage from war and social unrest, witnessed one of the most dramatic migrations of their people to other Central American countries, Mexico, the United States, Canada, and elsewhere. To cite an extreme example, for every five people born in St Kitts and Nevis and alive today, two now reside in the United States (Gwynne & Kay 120). Neoliberalism, in particular, has made a major contribution to the dynamic and contradictory processes of globalization in the Caribbean and Central America. One important conclusion that comes from this study is that the neoliberal structural adjustment programs are very limited. Although export agriculture has produced some wealth, it has also created massive structural problems of inequality, and it has not achieved self-sustained, modernizing growth over the long run. In conclusion, a feature of Caribbean and Central American migration that deserves further exploration and research is the potential for continuous and circular migration, principally between the islands of the Caribbean and the United States. This phenomenon has important implications for labor markets in regions of origin and destination.   Many of the people now returning to their homelands are bringing with them the wealth of accumulated knowledge and experience. This should significantly enhance the level of human capital in these Central American economies and serve as an important element for the growth and development of the region. Works Cited Robert N. Gwynne, Cristà ³bal Kay. Latin America Transformed: Globalization and Modernity. Arnold: London, 1999.   

Experiential Knowledge versus Intellectual Knowledge Essay

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has for a long time stirred the issue on the tug between experiential knowledge (the sort of knowledge that is gained in the â€Å"streets† and practiced mostly by Huck) and intellectual knowledge (the kind of knowledge being taught in schools and by people like Widow Douglas and Miss Watson). The issue can most of the time be phrased as that between being logical and following the practical consequences of one’s logic as opposed to following the dictates of society. This is a theme that was developed early on in the book and extends up to the end. Huck, for example, defies society and chooses his own logic in Chapter 1 when he told Widow Douglas that he would prefer to go to hell since this would mean a change of scenery and being with Tom. It is known for a fact that â€Å"heaven† should be the de facto choice of destination for everyone. To choose to go to hell, with our without reasons for wanting to do so, plainly means going against what is conventional. Time and again, Huck has dealt with the part of his conscience that told him that keeping and cuddling Jim, a â€Å"property† of Miss Watson versus his natural sympathy for the man (Bennett 3). These and many other instances in Huckleberry Finn illustrate the clash between the obviously wrong societal teaching that racism and slavery is good and having sympathy and compassion for the slaves as bad versus the instinctive knowledge that sympathy and compassion towards a slave is worthwhile. In this paper, this clash between experiential knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained by oneself through the exercise of personal logical induction and deduction gathered through experience, and intellectual knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained through different societal instruments, shall be dealt with. More specifically, this paper shall address the issue of which of these two â€Å"knowledges† has more importance. Being an issue that is of no light matter, this paper would need to look beyond Huckleberry Finn for aid. As such, Philosophy, Ethics, and Education seem to be the most promising areas of knowledge that address the issue. Hence, this paper shall look in these directions to settle the issue. Specifically, this paper shall have the following parts: on wisdom and knowledge as personal or societal; morality as inauthentic or authentic; and educations as geared towards making the person â€Å"fully† come out versus education as socialization. The paper shall end with a conclusion. Wisdom as Personal or Societal Philosophy has dealt with the question on the source of wisdom a number of times and through different thinkers. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle are known to deal extensively about this issue, and as such, their philosophies shall be utilized. Since Aquinas is known for extensively working on Aristotle’s works, merging the works of these two thinkers shall not pose any problems. Before anything, it would be best to first give a definition of wisdom. At least in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, wisdom is a kind of knowledge that is â€Å"of paramount importance in directing human existence towards its purpose or end† (Artigas 17). It is that kind of knowledge that aids man to be a better human being, not only by providing particular knowledge, but most specially a universal knowledge that speaks of the human being’s nature, purpose and end. In the end, wisdom ought to lead to the human being’s happiness, happiness defined as a life that is flourishing. All these ideas seem to be abstract, so it would be best to concretize a bit. At least for Aristotle, living a life that is full of human flourishing means living a virtuous life in a community that allows for the continuous development of the individual. According to the Aristotelian philosopher Martha Nussbaum, this refers to a life wherein virtues, human relations, reason and other physical capabilities are allowed to flourish by the society (Nussbaum 76-78). More concretely, this means experiencing real friendship, practicing justice, exercising prudence and a host of many other virtues that Aristotle spoke of in the Nicomachean Ethics in a society that value and nurture these. It is allowing a person to have meaningful relations, to engage in activities that nourish one’s â€Å"senses, imagination, and thought,† to have bodily health, to engage in play, to have autonomous control over one’s environment and so on (Nussbaum 76-78). So far, it seems that wisdom ought to be acquired for the benefit of the individual that would most probably emanate into the good of society. That is well and good, nevertheless, we still have not answered the question as to how wisdom itself is acquired. In this respect, Aquinas has an answer. Thomas Aquinas is known for the Natural Law Theory. The theory states that â€Å"man is born with the natural facility to know the basic truths or principles or the moral order as ‘the good is to be done and promoted and the evil to be avoided’† (Panizo 56). In this respect wisdom, i. e. , knowledge about what is good and what is to be avoided that ought to lead to happiness and human flourishing, is not only something that man is capable of; in fact, man is born with this natural facility. Human beings are born with the disposition to want what is good and to avoid what is evil. Thinking about it, this medieval theory seems to make a lot of sense. Is it not true that no human being ever does something which for her/him is plainly without good or any sort of benefit? Even actions that may be considered as evil by many still have some sort of perverted â€Å"goodness† in it. Actions such as murder, drug trafficking, etcetera, still give â€Å"pleasure† to those who engage in them. But, does this mean that these actions are morally good? Aquinas would not agree. He would say that though nature has granted man the capacity to know what is good and evil and to want good over evil, still, error may happen. Error occurs once the basic principle, â€Å"good is to be done and sought after, evil is to be avoided† (Aquinas 197) is applied. In fact, there is a hierarchy of difficulty when it comes to the application of this basic principle, the most difficult application of it called â€Å"remote conclusions† are described as â€Å"not easily drawn by ordinary people, for they involve education in theology and philosophy, and deep reflection† (Panizo 59). These involve judgments on issues like euthanasia, divorce, abortion, etcetera. We have reached a point then when natural wisdom, i. e. , wisdom depending on reason alone, becomes insufficient. Life is so full of instances when â€Å"remote conclusions† are needed and called for. The sad thing is, this knowledge is hard to come by and a human being is left with no option but to listen to the dialogues of the people in the academe. For Aquinas and Aristotle, experiential knowledge is not enough. It could only get us so far. This then brings us to the discussion of the place of â€Å"intellectual knowledge† in Philosophy. According to Aristotle, human beings need a role model to live a flourishing life. An excellent person is considered the standard for most of us who are still aiming for human flourishing, for a life of virtue. An excellent person is defined as he/she whose wishes â€Å"will be what is wished in reality† (Aristotle 65), i. e. , the wishes of the excellent person is that which is truly good for the human being. An excellent person is the exact opposite of the base person to whom â€Å"pleasure would seem to cause deception since it appears good when it is not† (Aristotle 65). Thus, modeling is Aristotle’s system of knowing what is worth imitating and what is not. To add to this, it must be recalled that for Aristotle (as with the other Greek thinkers), education has an indispensable role in bringing an individual to perfection. This is the very reason why the Academy and the Lyceum were established. In these schools, individuals from different cities merge to further their knowledge, to share each other’s knowledge and in this sense socializing each other. Hence, at least in Aristotle and Aquinas’ philosophy, though natural wisdom or experiential knowledge may be the starting point, this is not enough. Intellectual knowledge is still necessary since remote conclusions are always called for to ultimately be happy and live a flourishing life. Authentic and Inauthentic Morality Beyond the epistemology of Aristotle and Aquinas is the perspective that morality or ethics may be inauthentic or authentic. This is the very idea of Michael Moga in the book, Toward Authentic Morality. According to Moga, one’s sense of right and wrong can either be wholly dependent on one’s culture (i. e. , inauthentic morality) or it could come from one’s personal choice (i. e. , authentic morality). This is the very same clash between the self and the society that we have been talking about. According to Moga, most people ascribe to inauthentic morality. This is the sort of morality that gives in to social pressure, that kind of pressure that forces us to act and think in a particular way without exactly knowing why such an action or thought should be considered moral. We would not have to go very far to understand inauthentic morality. Most adolescents and teenagers are susceptible to peer pressure when it comes to many facets of their lives. The very persistence of racism and discrimination speak of a poorly reasoned morality that rest on social acceptance. In fact, Moga sets out the characteristics of inauthentic morality. The following are the characteristics of this type of morality. Inauthentic morality is characterized by being based on certain rules and values affirmed by culture; it is universal in its application, i. e. , it is valid for everyone; they impact individuals as set of morality that is external, i. e. , the source of morality is something outside the self; these laws are anonymous; the individual is haunted by fear and shame; the moral obligation is something that comes from authority; and it is fluctuating in influence (Moga 35-39). This is the sort of morality experienced by the typical teenager who follows his/her group’s choices. Such an individual follows rules not her own, a set of rules she may find difficult to follow since it is something external, nevertheless the breaking of such group rules result to fear and shame. This teenager considers the lead of the group as the one vested with authority to enforce such rules. Though this morality is most stark among teenagers, adults may very well be living this sort of morality. We would only have to look around shopping malls to see how many adults go with the flow without thinking why. Supposedly at the other extreme is authentic morality. This morality results from one’s personal decision to accept a set of values and morals after necessary reflection. Again, this sort of morality has characteristics: it is personally chosen and accepted; it is based on a rational appreciation; it is not based on fear or shame; morality as an expression of one’s freedom; and it is based on what one personally cares for, i. e. the very principles that one values (Moga 39-41). This is the sort of morality of individuals who have taken enough time to think over his/her morals. This would be represented by an individual who does an action and could very likely explain and be personally involved in the very principle of one’s actions. This would be the individual whose sense of morality is not dependent on â€Å"what others will say† but rather on a clear set of personally chosen moral principles. Though individuals must all aim for authentic morality, Moga insists that both moralities are important. In the first place, all human beings undergo the inauthentic morality stage where parents become the sole authority from whom morality emanate. Nevertheless, we should not stay this way. After being exposed to different sets of moralities, it is the individual’s responsibility to think and chose which of these moralities shall be made personal. Thus, at least in the Ethical perspective, the social and the personal ought to go together, though in the end, the social should be for the personal. Conclusion We have seen that at least in Philosophy and Ethics, there really is no real clash between the personal and the social, between intellectual knowledge and experiential knowledge. Clashes happen in Philosophy when error exists in the mind and nothing is done to correct the error. This error may of course exist not only with individuals but also in groups such as those in the academe. Nevertheless, we have clearly stated above that intellectual knowledge is there not to ram down society on the throats of individuals but rather to further perfect experiential knowledge for the sake of human flourishing. The same may be said in the field of ethics. Both authentic and inauthentic moralities are there and both have uses in society. Nevertheless, in the end, inauthentic morality ought to be the material source of inputs for the eventual authentic morality of a person. Morality only becomes stagnant when there is no interaction between the inauthentic and authentic. To answer the question which of the two knowledges is more important, we could qualifiedly say that both are important as long as there is minimal error and that the ultimate purpose is human flourishing.